![]() Scientists Finally Measure the Strength of the Bonds That Hold Together Water. Water’s got some special properties you’ve surely heard about in high school chemistry. Most notably, it sticks to itself really well. It beads together, looks like this in space, and climbs up plants’ vascular systems, all thanks to hydrogen bonds. Now, scientists have figured out exactly how sticky those ubiquitous bonds are. Astronaut Chris Hadfield continues to make us all insanely jealous of the time he's been. And getting a better understanding of hydrogen bonds can be a big deal when studying molecules that rely on them. That includes our own DNA, whose two chains are held together by hydrogen bonds. Normal bonds occur when atoms share electrons. But hydrogen atoms are just single positive charges attached to single electrons, so when they bond with something else, the resulting molecule has an exposed positive side. This side can stick to negative bits on other molecules. The new technique was able to actually measure the strength and behavior of these bonds.“Potentially, this technique can be expanded for identifications” of the geometry and chemistry “of more complex large molecules such as DNAs and polymers,” they write in the paper published Friday in the journal Science Advances. There are lots of different ways to observe the various atoms that makes up molecules, including techniques with long names like “infrared spectroscopy,” “nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy,” and “x- ray crystallography.” These methods require analyzing the light that bounces off a sample. But in all the cases, it’s super difficult to spot individual hydrogen atoms. That’s where the method behind the new imaging—atomic force microscopy— comes in. Researchers have previously used it to analyzed individual atoms in molecules, but never down to the resolution of hydrogen. The microscope is essentially a probe with a molecule on the hyper- sharp tip, which in this study was carbon monoxide. ![]() ![]() The researchers found that the strength of the strongest hydrogen bonds were around 4. Newtons maximum, or roughly 2. Newton, which is the force required to accelerate a one- kilogram mass from zero to one meter per second in one second. In other words, it’s a teeny tiny force, but it’s what they expected. One researcher I spoke with, chemist Henry Rzepa at the Imperial College of London, thought the technique was cool—it “effectively completes the periodic table for the atomic force microscopy technique.” Chemists normally infer the existence of hydrogen atoms in molecules, and their inferences are normally correct. But every so often, inferring the existence of the hydrogens isn’t enough, especially when researchers want to confirm the existence of an unknown hydrogen bond. Still, “It will help close a small but significant gap in the methods we have for studying the structures of molecules,” he said. ![]() ![]() ![]() If you need to place the order please call 773.274.3764 or email us. This is one of them. ![]() ![]() SKU Image US Amazon UK Amazon DE Amazon Output Adjustable Constant Current MIN. Input Voltage MAX. Input Voltage MIN. Output Voltage MAX. Output Voltage. Largest Selection of Electric Motors & Controllers in the World, for the Golf Cart Aftermarket. Heavy Duty - High Speed & High Torque Motors for Electric Golf Carts. Begin your Shopping Experience at Sears. Buy Online, Pick up in Store. Find Store Locations. Find Great Brands such as Kenmore, Craftsman & Diehard. ![]() ![]() RS232 to TTL converter board DCE with Female DB9 3.3V to 5V-Our new RS232 Converter Board, is a quick and easy solution to adding RS232 communication to your project. Scientists have imaged hydrogen bonds before, but are now reporting that they’ve quantitatively measured them in action, using incredibly high-resolution microscopes. The history of technology, history of science, history of inventions, the scientific revolution, the industrial revolution, the internet, space, communications. 1 1 ELECTRICITY TRANSMISSION SYSTEM OVERVIEW 1.1 INTRODUCTION Early on in the development of electric power, its proponents and developers recognized. Language: English only; Direct Word converter is convenient to use as it can be accessed from the Word interface itself. All you need to do is open the Word file.
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November 2017
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